I made the following post to the Pupman Tesla Coil mailing list on March 8, 2018:

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- Written by: David Thomson
The above pictures are of a double-coned coil I acquired on eBay. The seller purchased it from the estate of a deceased FBI agent. One of the bidders, who owns a similar coil without wires, informed me that it was designed by Nikola Tesla himself. The wooden frame he owns was given to his father by Nikola Tesla as payment (Tesla had no money at the time).
Each cone is 6" in diameter and 6" in height. Each cone has approx—127 ft of wire. The end-to-end inductance of the secondary is 2.36mH. The quarter wavelength frequency calculates to 1.937MHz for a straight solenoid, but this coil resonates at about 1.12MHz as determined by a frequency counter and oscilloscope.
The two cones are connected in the middle such that the entire length is one wire. There is no tapping point between the two coils. Due to age and wear, I had to replace the copper primary, but I am keeping the old copper tubing to verify the coil's age. This coil was likely built in the early 1900s and is identical in layout to Tesla's patent schematics from the late 1890s.
Rumor has it that this coil exhibits antigravity properties. I have not seen antigravity effects when applying a standard spark gap discharge to the primary.
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- Written by: David Thomson
Frequency
Angular frequency is a cycle of repetition and refers to the angles covered by a frequency. Thus angular frequency is equal to:
A bicycle wheel turning at five cycles per second will scan an angle of 10π radians per second. Angular frequency is in units of radians per second.
When a cycle completes, it does so in a given period of time. The period of time to complete a cycle is the reciprocal of the frequency:
A bicycle wheel turning at five cycles per second will have a period of 1/5 second. Or in other words, the time it takes to turn the wheel once at five cycles per second will be 1/5 second.
Not all cycles are stationary and go in circles. Quite often, a cycle is associated with a velocity. As a bicycle wheel turns and completes one cycle, the bike rider will travel a distance. This distance is called the "wavelength" when applied to photons. The distance the bicycle rider will travel will depend on its velocity per frequency:
So if the rider travels five feet per second, and the wheel turns at five cycles per second, then the rider has traveled one foot (the bicycle would be very small!).
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- Written by: David Thomson
David Thomson's Coil Formula
As is explained in the Aether Physics Model, Coulomb's constant is equal to:
\(k_{C} = \frac{c \cdot Cd \cdot \mu_{0}}{\epsilon_{0}}\)
From this, inductance can be defined as:
(1.2)
In equation (1.2) 1 meter equals 1 Henry. .003 meter equals 3 mH, and so on. The relationship of length to inductance is clearly shown by Coulomb's constant. Wheeler's formula (for the inductance of an air core solenoid coil) outputs inductance in thousand inches.
(1.3)
where N is the number of turns, R is the radius in inches, and H is the length of windings in inches.
Equation (1.3) outputs in length, just what Coulomb's constant formula requires. So if the units of Wheeler's formula are converted to meters and the two formulas are combined, then:
(1.4)
And this can be simplified to:
(1.5)
The values and units generated in equation (1.5) are accurate to the same degree as Wheeler's formula for inductance since it incorporates Wheeler's formula unchanged. The exact value of Cd is equal to:
(1.6)
the values are Coulomb's constant, light speed, permeability, and permittivity.
A practical simplification of the formula (1.5) is:
(1.7)
where the value N is a number, R and H are in inches, and the result is in Henry.
If you use MathCAD or another program, which automatically converts inches to meters, then use equation (1.8):
(1.8)
If you're looking for an inductance formula where the input is in meters instead of inches, you can use this formula:
(1.9)
Formula (1.9) can be used for solenoid or flat spiral coils. For flat spiral coils, use the average R radius and the coil windings width for H. Both R and H are in meters. N is the number of turns.
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- Written by: David Thomson
Pulse Graphic
In the above pulse graphic, two radiating circles expand outward and toward each other and then contract while moving away from each other. The movement scans an area representing the pulse. Visualize the area between opposing pairs of circles as the surface of an imaginary cylinder (not shown, but inferred.) The area of the cylinder is equal to the total power of the field in a Tesla coil.
We visualize this mathematically by looking at the electric and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic pulse for the case of a flat spiral coil.
Electric field strength is
ε = E / d Volts per meter
E is the potential in Volts, and d is the distance between two potentials. Similarly, the magnetic field strength is -
H = Fm / l Ampere turns per meter
where l is the length of the field line and magnetomotive force Fm is -
Fm = I × N Ampere-turns
The formula for calculating the length of wire in a flat spiral coil is -
l = 2π x Ravg x N
Where l is the length of the wire, Ravg is the average radius of the coil, and N is the number of turns. Thus
N / l = 1 / (2π x Ravg)
and
H = I / 2π x Ravg
To get the total field power -
Pf = ε x H or
Pf = V x I / 2π x Ravg x d Watts per cylinder
As inferred in the diagram above, 2π x Ravg x d is a cylinder.
From this, the nature of longitudinal waves in a flat spiral coil can be understood. The longitudinal wave is represented by the current and circumference of the radius. It is clear the longitudinal component of the flat spiral coil remains in the coil at all times. In actuality, the full length of the flat spiral secondary fills up with a charge, much like a hose fills up with water. The "crest" of the hose's water wave corresponds with the wave's longitudinal "head." Each time the head of the wave makes one full circle, it would appear from a radius perspective that a beat had occurred in the expansion of the wave from its center toward the outer winding.
The sum of all circumferences of the radii of the coil (same as the total wire length of the coil) is what I call the "stroke".
curr = coulomb2 / sec
stroke = meter / coulomb2
velc = meter / sec
velc = curr x stroke
Where velc is the velocity of the total electron magnetic charge.
As the current flows through the flat spiral coil, the energy of each successive winding adds to the direction of the propagation of the pulse. This is seen in the pulse model as the x-axis and the units are in meters per second, equal to the current time's stroke. The potential in a flat spiral coil is not linear. Just as the magnetic field is equal to current divided by 2π times the average radius, the electric field is equal to potential divided by the vertical distance between two opposite charges. In a flat spiral coil oriented parallel to the earth's surface, a negative charge builds under the coil, and a positive charge builds above the coil.
The free distance above and below the coil increases the energy potential and allows the energy to penetrate the permeability of the surrounding space.
But since the flat spiral coil is a closed system of copper atoms, the charge reaches the end of the wire. Since the charge is practically incompressible, the charge momentum immediately reverses direction and heads for the center of the flat spiral coil. At the maximum outer windings of the flat spiral coil, the cylinder defined by the total power of the electromagnetic field is spread out. Still, as the coil radius becomes minimum, the cylinder representing the total power would like to expand along the z-axis. In a flat spiral coil, the z-axis is only one winding high. This causes the power at the center to have a high current and relatively low potential compared to a solenoid coil.
Due to the nature of the expanding cylinder of total field power, it can be seen that a flat spiral coil wound completely to the center of the coil will have the greatest effect on the voltage as the stroke will be the shortest and hence the current will be in its most dense state. From the point of view of the total power output in the coil, the power will be mostly transferred to potential if the flat spiral coil is wound to the center. But a flat spiral coil wound completely to the center of itself can only produce a high current rate because there is no distance along the z-axis for the voltage to travel in. So to effect the most efficient and complete power transfer between current and voltage, a coil must be wound with a flat spiral secondary and tall solenoid secondary connected to each other. This configuration is the ideal "magnifier" setup Nikola Tesla used in his World Transmitter System.
By placing a coil of a small radius and tall height in the center of the flat spiral coil, the optimum condition for transferring the energy of the declining radius is presented to the charge. Now as the charge declines in radius and tends to increase in the distance from the coil, the distance of the charge will expand along the tall solenoid, and each successive turn will add to the potential, thus allowing the charge to penetrate the surrounding permeability with great force.
The momentum of the expanding potential is such that it has the force to induce movement into surrounding charged particles electrostatically. This can cause radio waves.
Per the Aether Physics Model, the rotational component of the flat spiral coil's current occurs as the head of the charge moves from the center winding to the outer winding and back. There is also a rotational component radiating from the wire's circumference. The solenoid between the top and lower winding further maintains the rotational component. In effect, the cylinder defined by the total field power rotates as a single unit in one direction when the potential is declining and in the opposite direction when the potential is increasing. It would follow that in certain cases, a spiral effect would be noticeable in the discharge of the upper solenoid terminal. Several coilers have noticed such rotational effects.
In Tesla's Wardencliffe magnifier, the frequency of the flat spiral coil was tuned to the earth's resonant frequency. The solenoid was wound to oscillate at many times the frequency of the earth such that it would generate high potential. The high potential of the solenoid helped drive the current in the flat spiral coil, just as the current in the flat spiral coil helped drive the solenoid. The high potential creates a strong electrostatic charge at the top of the coil and away from the ground. When the coil system is slightly detuned, the electrostatic charge oscillates up and down the coil and acts like an electrostatic pump. When the rising and falling electrostatic field equals the Earth's resonant frequency (Schumann resonance), the Earth's electrostatic field comes into resonance. This resonance of the electrostatic field made wireless power transmission possible.
Today, this wireless power transmission scheme is applied to computers, cell phones, and other devices with low power requirements.
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- Written by: David Thomson